Examining the Effectiveness of the Wash Programme on Public Health in Public Schools in Kisumu East Sub-county, Kenya
Asian Journal of Geographical Research, Volume 5, Issue 1,
Page 47-56
DOI:
10.9734/ajgr/2022/v5i1125
Abstract
As a result of poor hygiene in schools, public health and the status of public schools are adversely affected. There have been limited programs addressing sanitation issues in Kisumu East schools. This study therefore aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the WASH program and teachers' contributions to improving the quality of latrines in Kisumu East and investigating the environmental factors that have had an impact on the quality of latrines. A total of 20 schools participated in the study interviews, of which 16 schools were involved in the WASH program, and 4 were not involved in the WASH program, with a target population of 384 students and 40 teachers. A descriptive research design was used to guide the investigation. The data was processed and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 25.0 software package, and data was presented in the form of means and variance. Tables were also used to display the data. Students and teachers in non-WASH schools agreed that the latrines were filthy. For instance, 62.5 percent of teachers and 62.3 percent of students from schools implementing the WASH program reported that latrines were dirty. Still, only 37.7 percent of teachers and 37.5 percent of students reported that they were very dirty. The study found an association between teachers' contributions and cleanliness, with a correlation coefficient (r) of -3.18 and a significance level of (p0.05). There was also a correlation between the implementation of WASH and the number of cases of diarrheal disease among students, with a significance value of 0.001*. It was concluded that the WASH program had a significant impact on the state of public health in public schools. Therefore, the study recommends that more effort should be put into addressing the challenges facing toilet cleanliness and hygiene practices.
- Hygiene
- water access
- effectiveness
- public health and program
How to Cite
References
Du Monde M. The K.A.P. survey model (knowledge, attitudes, & practices). USAID: Washington, DC, U.S.A; 2011.
Laitala K, Klepp IG. Wool wash: Technical performance and consumer habits. Tenside Surfactants Detergents. 2016;53(5):458-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3139/113.110457
Christian J, Bartram J. Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health and Educational Outcomes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012;29-32.
Borja-Vega C. What makes rural water systems sustainable? Meta-analysis, determinants, and the empirical impacts of a large-scale WASH program in Nicaragua (Doctoral dissertation, University of Leeds); 2020.
Daniel D, Djohan D, Nastiti A. Interaction of factors influencing the sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (Wash) services in rural Indonesia: Evidence from small surveys of wash-related stakeholders in Indonesia. Water. 2021; 13(3):314. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13030314
Rahman M, Ashraf S, Unicomb L, Mainuddin AKM, Parvez SM, Begum F, Winch PJ. WASH Benefits Bangladesh trial: system for monitoring coverage and quality in an efficacy trial. Trials. 2018;19(1):1-8. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-018-2708-2
Chard AN, Garn JV, Chang HH, Clasen T, Freeman MC. Impact of school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on school absence, diarrhea, respiratory infection, and soil-transmitted helminths: results from the WASH HELPS cluster-randomized trial. Journal of Global Health. 2019;9(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.09.020402
Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutrition Reviews. 2012;70(1):3-21. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.2011.00456.x
Gizaw Z, Addisu A. Evidence of Households' Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Performance Improvement Following a WASH Education Program in Rural Dembiya, Northwest Ethiopia. Environmental health insights. 2020;14: 1178630220903100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1178630220903100
LaVergne DD, Jones WA, Larke Jr, A, Elbert CD. The Effect of Teacher Demographic and Personal Characteristics on Perceptions of Diversity Inclusion in Agricultural Education Programs. Journal of Agricultural Education. 2012; 53(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2012.03084
Jamieson LM, Saunders MV. Contextual Framework for Developing Research Competence: Piloting a Validated Classroom Model. Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching & Learning. 2020;20(3). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14434/josotl.v20i3.24487
Campbell SJ, Savage GB, Gray DJ, Atkinson JAM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Nery SV, Clements AC. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH): a critical component for sustainable soil-transmitted helminth and schistosomiasis control. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2014;8(4): e2651. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002651
Freeman MC, Ogden S, Jacobson J, Abbott D, Addiss DG, Amnie AG, Utzinger J. Integration of water, sanitation, and hygiene for the prevention and control of neglected tropical diseases: a rationale for inter-sectoral collaboration. PLoS neglected tropical diseases. 2013;7(9): e2439. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0002439
Huda TMN., Unicomb L, Johnston RB, Halder AK, Sharker MAY, Luby S. P. Interim evaluation of large-scale sanitation, hygiene, and water improvement programme on childhood diarrhea and respiratory disease in rural Bangladesh. Social Science & Medicine. 2015;75(4): 604-611. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.10.042
Bailie RS, Stevens M, McDonald EL. The impact of housing improvement and socio-environmental factors on common childhood illnesses: a cohort study in Indigenous Australian communities. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2012;66(9): 821-831. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2011.134874
Ananga EO, Njoh AJ, Anchang JY, Akiwumi FA. Participation-related factors influencing performance in four urban-based community-operated water schemes in Kisumu, Kenya. Community Development Journal. 2017;52(2):319- 336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/cdj/bsw014
Bartram J, Sims J, Chartier Y. Water, sanitation, and hygiene standards for schools in low-cost settings. World Health Organization; 2009.
Wash R, Rader E. Too much knowledge? security beliefs and protective behaviors among united states internet users. In Eleventh Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security ({SOUPS}. 2015;309-325.
Kumar GS, Kar SS, Jain A. Health and environmental sanitation in India: Issues for prioritizing control strategies. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2011;15(3):93. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.93196
Arriola KRJ, Ellis A, Webb-Girard A, Ogutu, EA, McClintic E, Caruso B, Freeman MC. Designing integrated interventions to improve nutrition and WASH behaviors in Kenya. Pilot and feasibility studies. 2020;6(1):1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-020-0555-x
Ahmad K, Ejaz A, Azam M, Khan ZI, Ashraf M, Al-Qurainy F, Valeem EE. Lead, cadmium, and chromium contents of canola irrigated with sewage water. Pak J Bot. 2011; 43(2):1403-1410.
Nguyen-Viet H., Zinsstag J, Schertenleib R, Zurbrügg C, Obrist B, Montangero A, Tanner M. Improving environmental sanitation, health, and well-being: a conceptual framework for integral interventions. Eco Health. 2009;6(2):180-191. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10393-009-0249-6
Mara D, Lane J, Scott B, Trouba D. Sanitation and health. PLoS Medicine. 2010;7(11): e1000363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000363
Bain RE, Wright JA, Christenson E, Bartram JK. Rural: urban inequalities in post-2015 targets and indicators for drinking-water. Science of the Total Environment. 2014;490:509-513. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.007
-
Abstract View: 86 times
PDF Download: 65 times
